Nuntii - Tubus Linearis API 5L: Dux Completus ad Compositionem Chemicam et Efficientiam

Introductio:

API 5L est specificatio norma ab Instituto Petrolei Americano (API) constituta pro tubis ferreis sine suturis et conglutinatis, quae in systematibus translationis intra industrias petrolei et gasi naturalis adhibentur. Womic Steel, fabricator princeps tuborum API 5L, seriem productorum amplam offert quae variis gradibus et specificationibus satisfaciunt. Hic articulus comparationem accuratam compositionis chemicae, proprietatum mechanicarum, et normarum probationum pro diversis gradibus API 5L, tam PSL1 quam PSL2, per tria genera tuborum praebet: ERW (Conglutinatae per Resistentiam Electricam), LSAW (Conglutinatae per Arcum Submersum Longitudinaliter), et SMLS (Sine Suturis).

Capacitas Productionis et Ambitus:

制造方法 Typus	钢级起 Gradus Min.	钢级止 Gradus Maximus	外径起 OD Min. mm	外径止 OD Maximus mm	壁厚起 Pondus Minimum mm	壁厚止 Pondus Maximum mm	生产能力 Yauris MT/a
SMLS	B	X80Q	33.4	457	3.4	60	Viginti milia
HFW	B	X80M	219.1	DCX	4.0	19.1	Viginti milia
SAWL	B	X100M	508	1422	6.0	40	Quinque milia

Tolerantia Diametri Externi

标准 Norma	外径范围 Magnitudo	外径公差 Tolerantiae Diametri				椭圆度 Extra Rotunditatem
		管体 Corpus Tubi		管端 Finis Tubi		管体 Corpus Tubi	管端 Finis Tubi
		无缝 SMLS	焊管 Weldec	无缝 SMLS	焊管 Soldatum	无缝 SMLS	焊管 Soldatum
API SPEC 5L SO 3183 GB/T9711	Diametros <60.3mm	+0.4mm/-0.8mm		+1.6mm/-0.4mm
	60.3mm ≤ D ≤ 168.3mm	+0.75%/-0.75%				≤2.0%	≤1.5%
	168.3mm			+0.5%/-0.5%
	320mm			+1.6mm/-1.6mm
	426mm	+0.75%/-0.75%	+3.2mm/-3.2mm
	610mm	+1.0%/-1.0%	+0.5%/-0.5%	±2.0mm	±1.6mm	≤1.5%	≤1.0%
	800mm		+4mm/-4mm
	1000mm	+1.0%/-1.0%	+4mm/-4mm			≤15mm	≤1.0%
	1300mm	+1.0%/-1.0%	+4mm/-4mm			≤15mm	≤13mm

Nota: D est diameter exterior nominalis tubi.

Tolerantia Crassitudinis Muri

标准 Norma	外径范围 Extra Specificatum Diameter	壁厚范围 Crassitudo muri	壁厚公差 Tolerantia Crassitudinis Muri	壁厚公差 Tolerantia Crassitudinis Muri
标准 Norma	外径范围 Extra Specificatum Diameter	壁厚范围 Crassitudo muri	无缝 Tubus SMLS	焊管 Tubus Soldatus
API SPEC 5L ISO 3183 GB/T 9711	-	t≤4.0mm	+0.6mm/-0.5mm	+0.5mm/-0.5mm
	-	4.0mm	+15%/-12.5%	+0.5mm/-0.5mm
	-	5.0mm		+10%/-10%
	-	15.0mmst <25.0mm		+1.5mm/-1.5mm
	-	25.0mm ≤ t < 30.0mm	+3.7mm/-3.0mm
	-	30.0mm ≤ t < 37.0mm	+3.7mm/-10.0%
	-	t≥37.0mm	+10.0%/-10.0%

Analysis Chemica

标准 Norma	钢管种类 Genus Tubi	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus	C	Si	Mn	P	S	V	Nb	T	CE	PCM	备注 Nota
标准 Norma	钢管种类 Genus Tubi	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	备注 Nota
API SPEC 5L ISO 3183 GB/T 9711	无缝管 SMLS	PSL1	L210 vel A	0.22		0.90	0.030	0.030						e,o
			L245 vel B	0.28		1.20	0.030	0.030						c, d, e, o
			L290 vel X42	0.28		1.30	0.030	0.030						de,o
			L320 vel X46	0.28		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L360 vel X52	0.28		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L390 vel X56	0.28		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L415 vel X60	0.28		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L450 vel X65	0.28		1.40	0.030	0.030						de,o
			L485 vel X70	0.28		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
		PSL2	L245N vel BN	0.24	0.40	1.20	0.025	0.015			0.04	0.43	0.25	c, f, o
			L290N vel X42N	0.24	0.40	1.20	0.025	0.015	0.06	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			L320N vel X46N	0.24	0.40	1.40	0.025	0.015	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	d, f, o
			L360N vel X52N	0.24	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015	0.10	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	d, f, o
			L390N vel X56N	0.24	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015	0.10	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	d, f, o
			L415N vel X60N	0.24	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015	0.10	0.05	0.04	Ut convenerat		d, g, o
			L245Q vel BQ	0.18	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			L290Q vel X42Q	0.18	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			L320Q vel X46Q	0.18	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			13600 vel ×52Q	0.18	0.45	1.50	0.025	0.015	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			L390Q vel X56Q	0.18	0.45	1.50	0.025	0.015	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	d, f, o
			L415Q vel X60Q	0.18	0.45	1.70	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, g, o
			L450Q vel X65Q	0.18	0.45	1.70	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, g, o
			L485Q vel X70Q	0.18	0.45	1.80	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, g, o
			L555Q vel X80Q	0.18	0.45	1.90	0.025	0.015				Ut convenerat		h,i
		酸性服役条件 Pro acido servitium	L245NS vel BNS	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.008			0.04	0.36	0.22	c, d, j, k
			L290NS vel X42NS	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.008	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.36	0.22	j,k
			L320NS vel X46NS	0.14	0.40	1.40	0.020	0.008	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.38	0.23	dj,k
			L360NS vel X52NS	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.008	0.10	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	d, j, k
			L245QS vel BQS	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.008	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.34	0.22	j,k
			L290QS vel X42QS	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.008	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.34	0.22	j,k
			L320QS vel X46QS	0.15	0.45	1.40	0.020	0.008	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.36	0.23	j,k
			L360QS vel X52QS	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.008	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.39	0.23	d, j, k
			L390QS vel X56QS	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.008	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.40	0.24	d, j, k
			L415QS vel X60QS	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.008	0.08	0.05	0.04	0.41	0.25	dj,k
			L450QS vel X65QS	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.008	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.42	0.25	d, j, k
			L485QS vel X70QS	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.008	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.42	0.25	d,j,k

标准 Norma	钢管种类 Genus Tubi	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus	C	Si	Mn	P	S	V	Nb	Ti	CEa	PCM	备注 Nota
标准 Norma	钢管种类 Genus Tubi	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	备注 Nota
AP\|SPEC 5L ISO 3183 GB/T 9711	无缝管 SMLS	海上服役条件 Nam litus maritimum servitium	L245NO vel BNO	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.010			0.04	0.36	0.22	c, d, I, m
			L290NO vel X42NO	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.010	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.36	0.22	l,m
			L320NO vel X46NO	0.14	0.40	1.40	0.020	0.010	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.38	0.23	d,I,m
			L360NO vel X52NO	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.10	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	d,I
			L245QO vel BQO	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.010	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.34	0.22	l,m
			L290QO vel X42Q0	0.14	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.010	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.34	0.22	l,m
			L320QO vel X46QO	0.15	0.45	1.40	0.020	0.010	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.36	0.23	l,m
			L360QO vel X52QO	0.16	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.39	0.23	d,I,n
			L390QO vel X56Q0	0.15	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.40	0.24	d,I,n
			L415QO vel X60QO	0.15	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.08	0.05	0.04	0.41	0.25	d,I,n
			L455QO vel X65QO	0.15	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.42	0.25	d,I,n
			L485Q0 vel X70Q0	0.17	0.45	1.75	0.020	0.010	0.10	0.05	0.06	0.42	0.25	d, l, n
			L555QO vel X80QO	0.17	0.45	1.85	0.020	0.010	0.10	0.06	0.06	Ut convenerat		d,I,n
	焊管 CONSULE	PSL1	L245 vel B	0.26		1.20	0.030	0.030						cd,e,c
			L290 vel X42	0.26		1.30	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L320 vel X46	0.26		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L360 vel X52	0.26		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L390 vel X56	0.26		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L415 vel X60	0.26		1.40	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L450 vel X65	0.26		1.45	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
			L485 vel X70	0.26		1.65	0.030	0.030						d,e,o
		PSL2	1245M vel BM	0.22	0.45	1.20	0.025	0.015	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			L290M vel X42M	0.22	0.45	1.30	0.025	0.015	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			L320M vel X46M	0.22	0.45	1.30	0.025	0.015	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.43	0.25	f,o
			L360M vel X52M	0.22	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, f, o
			L390M vel X56M	0.22	0.45	1.40	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, f, o
			L415M vel X60M	0.12	0.45	1.60	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, g, o
			L450M vel X65M	0.12	0.45	1.60	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, g, o
			L485M vel X70M	0.12	0.45	1.70	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, g, o
			L555M vel X80M	0.12	0.45	1.85	0.025	0.015				0.43	0.25	d, g, o

标准 Norma	钢管种类 Genus Tubi	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus	C	Si	Mn	P	S	V	Nb	T	CEa	PCM	备注 Nota
标准 Norma	钢管种类 Genus Tubi	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	maximum	备注 Nota
API SPEC 5L ISO 3183 GB/T 9711	焊管 CONSULE	酸性服役条件 Pro acido servitium	L245MS vel BMS	0.10	0.40	1.25	0.020	0.002	0.04	0.04	0.04		0.19	j,k
			L290MS vel X42MS	0.10	0.40	1.25	0.020	0.002	0.04	0.04	0.04		0.19	j,k
			L320MS vel X46MS	0.10	0.45	1.35	0.020	0.002	0.05	0.05	0.04		0.20	j,k
			L360MS vel X52MS	0.10	0.45	1.45	0.020	0.002	0.05	0.06	0.04		0.20	j,k
			L390MS vel X56MS	0.10	0.45	1.45	0.020	0.002	0.06	0.08	0.04		0.21	d, j, k
			L415MS vel X60MS	0.10	0.45	1.45	0.020	0.002	0.08	0.08	0.06		0.21	d, j, k
			L450MS vel X65MS	0.10	0.45	1.60	0.020	0.002	0.10	0.08	0.06		0.22	d, j, k
			L485MS vel X70MS	0.10	0.45	1.60	0.020	0.002	0.10	0.08	0.06		0.22	dj,k
		海上服役条件 Nam litus maritimum servitium	L245MO vel BMO	0.12	0.40	1.25	0.020	0.010	0.04	0.04	0.04		0.19	l,m
			L290MO vel X42MO	0.12	0.40	1.35	0.020	0.010	0.04	0.04	0.04		0.19	l,m
			L320MO vel X46MO	0.12	0.45	1.35	0.020	0.010	0.05	0.05	0.04		0.20	Ego sum
			L360MO vel X52MO	0.12	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.05	0.05	0.04		0.20	d,I,n
			L390MO vel X56MO	0.12	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.06	0.08	0.04		0.21	d, l, n
			L415MO vel X60MO	0.12	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.08	0.08	0.06		0.21	d,I,n
			L450MO vel X65MO	0.12	0.45	1.65	0.020	0.010	0.10	0.08	0.06		0.222	d,I,n
			L485MO vel X70MO	0.12	0.45	1.75	0.020	0.010	0.10	0.08	0.06		0.22	d, l, n
			L555MO vel X80MO	0.12	0.45	1.85	0.020	0.010	0.10	0.08	0.06		0.24	d,I,n

标准 Norma	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus		屈服强度 Rt0.5(MPa) Vis Cedendi	抗拉强度 Rm(MPa) Robur Tensilis	延伸率 Af (%) Elongatio	屈强比 Rt0.5/Rm	焊缝抗拉强度 Rm(MPa) Robur Tensilis suturae suturae
API SPEC 5L ISO 3183 GB/T 9711	PSL1	L210 vel A	Min.	210	335	a		335
		L245 vel B	Min.	245	415	a		415
		L290 vel X42	Min.	290	415	a		415
		L320 vel X46	Min.	CCCXX	435	a		435
		L360 vel X52	Min.	360	460	a		460
		L390 vel X56	Min.	390	490	a		490
		L415 vel X60	Min.	415	520	a		520
		L450 vel X65	Min.	450	535	a		535
		L485 vel X70	Min.	485	570	a		570
	PSL2	L245N vel BN L245Q vel BQ L245M vel BM	Min.	245	415	a		415
		L245N vel BN L245Q vel BQ L245M vel BM	Maximus	450	DCLV		0.93
		L290N vel X42N L290Q vel X42Q L290M vel X42M	Min.	290	415	a		415
		L290N vel X42N L290Q vel X42Q L290M vel X42M	Maximus	495	DCLV		0.93
		L320N vel X46N L320Q vel X46Q L320M vel X46M	Min.	CCCXX	435	a		435
		L320N vel X46N L320Q vel X46Q L320M vel X46M	Maximus	525	DCLV		0.93
		L360N vel X52N L360Q vel X52Q L360M vel X52M	Min.	360	460	a		460
		L360N vel X52N L360Q vel X52Q L360M vel X52M	Maximus	530	DCCLX		0.93
		L390N vel X56N L390Q vel X56Q L390M vel X56M	Min.	390	490	a		490
		L390N vel X56N L390Q vel X56Q L390M vel X56M	Maximus	545	DCCLX		0.93
		L415N vel X60N L415Q vel X60Q L415M vel X60M	Min.	415	520	a		520
		L415N vel X60N L415Q vel X60Q L415M vel X60M	Maximus	565	DCCLX		0.93
		L450Q vel X65Q L450M vel X65M	Min.	450	535	a		535
		L450Q vel X65Q L450M vel X65M	Maximus	DC	DCCLX		0.93
		L485Q vel X70Q L485M vel X70M	Min.	485	570	a		570
		L485Q vel X70Q L485M vel X70M	Maximus	DCXXXV	DCCLX		0.93
		L555Q vel X80Q L555M vel X80M	Min.	555	DCXXV	a		DCXXV
		L555Q vel X80Q L555M vel X80M	Maximus	DCCV	DCCCXXV		0.93
		L625M vel X90M	Min.	DCXXV	DCXCV	a		DCXCV
		L625M vel X90M	Maximus	DCCXXV	915		0.95
		L690M vel X100M	Min.	DCXC	DCCLX	a		DCCLX
		L690M vel X100M	Maximus	DCCCXL	990		0.97
		L830M vel X120M	Min.	DCCCXXX	915	a		915
		L830M vel X120M	Maximus	1050	1145		0.99

标准 Norma	等级 Classis	钢级 Gradus		屈服强度 Rt0.5 (MPa) Vis Cedendi	抗拉强度 Rm(MPa) Robur Tensilis	延伸率 Af (%) Elongatio	屈强比 Rt0.5/Rm	焊缝抗拉强度 Rm(MPa) Robur Tensilis suturae suturae
API SPEC 5L ISO 3183 GB/T 9711	酸性服役条件 Pro acido servitium	L245NS vel BNS L245QS vel BQS L245MS vel BMS	Min.	245	415	a		415
		L245NS vel BNS L245QS vel BQS L245MS vel BMS	Maximus	450	DCLV		0.93
		L290NS vel X42NS L290QS vel X42QS L290MS vel X42MS	Min.	290	415	a		415
		L290NS vel X42NS L290QS vel X42QS L290MS vel X42MS	Maximus	495	DCLV		0.93
		L320NS vel X46NS L320QS vel X46QS L320MS vel X46MS	Min.	CCCXX	435	a		435
		L320NS vel X46NS L320QS vel X46QS L320MS vel X46MS	Maximus	525	DCLV		0.93
		L360NS vel X52NS L360QS vel X52QS L360MS vel X52MS	Min.	360	460	a		460
		L360NS vel X52NS L360QS vel X52QS L360MS vel X52MS	Maximus	530	DCCLX		0.93
		L390QS vel X56QS L390MS vel X56MS	Min.	390	490	a		490
		L390QS vel X56QS L390MS vel X56MS	Maximus	545	DCCLX		0.93
		L415QS vel X60QS L415MS vel X60MS	Min.	415	520	a		520
		L415QS vel X60QS L415MS vel X60MS	Maximus	565	DCCLX		0.93
		L450QS vel X65QS L450MS vel X65MS	Min.	450	535	a		535
		L450QS vel X65QS L450MS vel X65MS	Maximus	DC	DCCLX		0.93
		L485QS vel X70QS L485MS vel X70MS	Min.	485	570	a		570
		L485QS vel X70QS L485MS vel X70MS	Maximus	DCXXXV	DCCLX		0.93
	海上服役条件 Nam litus maritimum servitium	L245NO vel BNO L245QO vel BQO L245MO vel BMO	Min.	245	415	a	-	415
		L245NO vel BNO L245QO vel BQO L245MO vel BMO	Maximus	450	DCLV		0.93
		L290NO vel X42NO L290Q0 vel X42Q0 L290MO vel X42MO	Min.	290	415	a		415
		L290NO vel X42NO L290Q0 vel X42Q0 L290MO vel X42MO	Maximus	495	DCLV		0.93
		L320NO vel X46NO L320QO vel X46QO L320MO vel X46MO	Min.	CCCXX	435	a		435
		L320NO vel X46NO L320QO vel X46QO L320MO vel X46MO	Maximus	520	DCLV		0.93
		L360NO vel X52NO L360QO vel X52QO L360MO vel X52MO	Min.	360	460	a		460
		L360NO vel X52NO L360QO vel X52QO L360MO vel X52MO	Maximus	525	DCCLX		0.93
		L390QO vel X56QO L390MO vel X56MO	Min.	390	490	a		490
		L390QO vel X56QO L390MO vel X56MO	Maximus	540	DCCLX		0.93
		L415QO vel X60QO L415MO vel X60MO	Min.	415	520	a	-	520
		L415QO vel X60QO L415MO vel X60MO	Maximus	565	DCCLX		0.93
		L450QO vel X65QO L450MO vel X65MO	Min.	450	535	a	-	535
		L450QO vel X65QO L450MO vel X65MO	Maximus	570	DCCLX		0.93
		L485Q0 vel X70Q0 L485MO vel X70MO	Min.	485	570	a		570
		L485Q0 vel X70Q0 L485MO vel X70MO	Maximus	DCV	DCCLX		0.93
		L555QO vel X80QO L555MO vel X80MO	Min.	555	DCXXV	a		DCXXV
		L555QO vel X80QO L555MO vel X80MO	Maximus	DCCLXXV	DCCCXXV		0.93

Nota: a: Elongatio minima hac aequatione utens: A1=1940*A0.2/U0.9

钢级 Gradus	管体最小横向冲击功(1(2)(3) Impetus Transversus Minimus Corporis Tubi (I)					焊缝最小横向冲击功(1(2(3) Minimum Transversum Impactus Suturae (J)
钢级 Gradus	D≤508	508mm ≤762mm	762mm ≤914mm	914mm ≤1219mm	1219mm ≤1422mm	Diametros <1422mm	D=1422mm
≤L415 vel X60	27 (20)	27 (20)	40 (30)	40 (30)	40 (30)	27 (20)	40 (30)
>L415 vel X60 ≤L450 vel X65	27 (20)	27 (20)	40 (30)	40 (30)	54 (40)	27 (20)	40 (30)
>L450 vel X65 ≤L485 vel X70	27 (20)	27 (20)	40 (30)	40 (30)	54 (40)	27 (20)	40 (30)
>L485 vel X70 ≤L555 vel X80	40 (30)	40 (30)	40 (30)	40 (30)	54 (40)	27 (20)	40 (30)

Nota: (1) Valores in tabula apti esse debent pro exemplo normali plenae magnitudinis.
(2) Valor intra uncinam est valor singularis minimus, extra uncinam est valor medius.
(3) Temperatura probationis: 0°C.

Normae Probationum:

Tubi lineares API 5L a Womic Steel fabricati probationibus rigorosis subeunt ut summis qualitatis normis satisfaciant. Normae probationum includunt:

Analysis Chemica:
Compositio chemica ferri analizatur ut verificetur an requisitis specificationis API 5L satisfaciat.
Analysis chemica per spectrometrum lectionis directae perficitur ad accurate determinandam compositionem elementorum ferri.

Examinatio Mechanica:
Proprietates mechanicae, ut firmitas elasticitatis, firmitas tensilis, et elongatio, probantur ut requisitis specificatis satisfaciant.
Examinatio mechanica perficitur machina tensile sexaginta tonnarum ad robur et ductilitatem ferri metiendam.

Examinatio Hydrostatica:
Probatio hydrostatica perficitur ad integritatem tubi inspiciendam et ad confirmandum eum requisitis pressionis pro usu suo destinato sustinere posse.
Tubi aqua implentur et pressioni subiiciuntur, cum duratione probationis et gradibus pressionis a normis API 5L specificatis.

Examinatio Non Destructiva (END):
Methodi NDT, sicut probatio ultrasonica (UT) et probatio particularum magneticarum (MT), adhibentur ad quoslibet defectus vel discontinuitates in tubo detegendos.
UT ad vitia interna cognoscenda, MT autem ad vitia superficialia detegenda adhibetur.

Examen Impactus:
Examen impactus perficitur ad tenacitatem ferri ad temperaturas humiles aestimandam.
Examen impactus Charpy vulgo adhibetur ad energiam impactus a ferro absorptam metiendam.

Examen duritiae:
Examen duritiae perficitur ad duritiam chalybis aestimandam, quae eius firmitatem et aptitudinem ad usus specificos indicare potest.
Examen duritiae Rockwell saepe ad duritiem chalybis metiendam adhibetur.
Examen Microstructurae:
Examen microstructurae perficitur ad structuram granorum et qualitatem generalem ferri aestimandam.
Microscopium metallurgicum ad microstructuram ferri examinandam et ad quaslibet anomalias identificandas adhibetur.

His rigorosis probationum normis adhaerendo, Womic Steel efficit ut tubi sui API 5L summis qualitatis requisitis satisfaciant et certam efficaciam in variis applicationibus industrialibus praebeant.

Processus Productionis:

1. Tubi Chalybei Sine Sutura:
- Selectio Materiae Crudae: Ad productionem tuborum ferreorum sine suturis, tabulae chalybis rotundae altae qualitatis eliguntur.
- Calefactio et Perforatio: Lignae ad altam temperaturam calefactae deinde perforantur ut testa cava creetur.
- Volutio et Dimensionatio: Testa perforata deinde volvitur et ad diametrum et crassitudinem desideratas extenditur.
- Tractatio Caloris: Tubi processibus tractationis caloris, ut recoctione vel normalizatione, subiiciuntur ut proprietates mechanicae earum meliorentur.
- Perficiendi ratio: Tubi subeunt processus perficiendi, ut rectificationem, sectionem, et inspectionem.
- Probationes: Tubi variis probationibus subeunt, inter quas probationes hydrostaticae, probationes ultrasonicae, et probationes currentium turbulentarum, ut earum qualitas confirmetur.
- Tractatio Superficiei: Tubi tegi vel tractari possunt ad corrosionem prohibendam et aspectum earum emendandum.
- Involucrum et Transportatio: Tubi diligenter involucri et ad clientes transportantur.

2. Tubi Ferrei LSAW (Soldatura Arcus Submersi Longitudinalis):
- Praeparatio Laminarum: Laminae chalybis altae qualitatis ad productionem tuborum LSAW parantur.
- Formatio: Laminae in formam "U" formantur machina praeflexatrice utens.
- Soldatura: Laminae formae "U" deinde inter se soldantur utens processu soldaturae arcus submersi.
- Expansio: Sutura conglutinata ad diametrum desideratum dilatatur machina expansionis interna vel externa utens.
- Inspectio: Tubi inspectionem subeunt ad vitia et accuratam dimensionem investigandam.
- Examinatio Ultrasonica: Tubi probationi ultrasonicae subiiciuntur ad vitia interna detegenda.
- Beveling: Extremitates tuborum ad ferruminandum bevelantur.
- Obductio et Signatio: Tubi secundum requisita emptoris tegi et signari possunt.
- Involucrum et Transportatio: Tubi involucrum et ad clientes transportantur.

3. Tubi Ferrei HFW (Sudura Altae Frequentiae):
- Praeparatio Spirae: Spirae ferreae ad productionem tuborum HFW parantur.
- Formatio et Soldatura: Spirae in formam cylindricam formantur et deinde per soldaduram altae frequentiae soldantur.
- Calefactio Suturae Sudatae: Sutura sudatoria ad temperaturam sudatoriam calefactur per inductionem altae frequentiae.
- Dimensionatio: Tubus conglutinatus ad diametrum et crassitudinem requisitas dimensionatur.
- Sectio et Bevelatio: Tubus ad longitudinem desideratam secatur et extremitates ad soldaduram bevelantur.
- Inspectio: Tubi inspectionem subeunt ad vitia et accuratam dimensionem investigandam.
- Examinatio Hydrostatica: Tubi per examinationem hydrostaticam de firmitate et effluxu probantur.
- Obductio et Signatio: Tubi secundum requisita emptoris obducuntur et signantur.
- Involucrum et Transportatio: Tubi involucrum et ad clientes transportantur.

Hae subtilissimae rationes productionis qualitatem summam et firmitatem tuborum ferreorum sine suturis, LSAW, et HFW a Womic Steel fabricatorum praestant, requisitis severis variarum industriarum satisfacientes.

Curatio Superficiei:

Curatio superficiei chalybis fistularum maximi momenti est ad resistentiam corrosionis et vitam utilem augendam. Womic Steel varias methodos curationis superficiei adhibet, secundum varias necessitates clientium, inter quas:
1. Galvanizatio per immersionem calidam: Tubus ferreus in zinco fuso immergitur ut stratum protectivum ex mixtura zinci et ferri formetur, quo resistentia corrosionis augetur. Galvanizatio per immersionem calidam apta est et canalibus conventionalibus et pressionis humilis.
2. Tegumenta anticorrosionis: Inter tegumenta anticorrosionis communia sunt tegumenta epoxydica, tegumenta polyethyleni, et tegumenta polyurethani. Haec tegumenta oxidationem et corrosionem in superficie tubi ferrei efficaciter prohibent, eius vitam utilem prolongantes.
3. Sabulorum iactus: Sabulorum iactus celeritate magna ad purgandum tubum ferreum adhibetur, rubiginem et impuritates a superficie removens, fundamentum bonum pro subsequentibus curationibus obducendis praebens.
4. Tractatio Tegumentorum: Superficies tubi ferrei tegi potest coloribus anticorrosionis, coloribus bituminosis, aliisque tegumentis ad resistentiam corrosionis augendam, apta fistulis subterraneis et fistulis in ambitu marino.

Hae rationes curationis superficialis chalybem fistularum a corrosione et damno efficaciter protegunt, eius firmitatem et durabilitatem in variis condicionibus asperis praestantes.

Involucrum et Transportatio:

Womic Steel involucrum tutum et vecturam fidam ferri fistularum praestat, optiones flexibiles offerens ad varias necessitates clientium implendas:

1. Onus Ingens: Pro magnis ordinibus, chalybs fistularum in magna copia transportari potest per naves navium speciales. Chalybs directe in sentinam navis sine involucris oneratur, aptum ad transportationem magnarum quantitatum frugalem.
2. LCL (Minus Quam Onus Container): Pro minoribus mandatis, chalybs fistularum ut onus LCL transportari potest, ubi plures minores mandata in unum container congregantur. Haec methodus sumptibus parca est pro minoribus quantitatibus et flexibiliora tempora traditionis offert.
3. FCL (Full Container Load): Clientes vecturam FCL eligere possunt, ubi plena container ordini suo dedicatur. Haec methodus tempora transitus celeriora praebet et periculum damni in tractatione minuit.
4. Vectura Aerea: Pro mandatis urgentibus, vectura aerea praesto est ad celerem traditionem. Quamvis carior quam vectura maritima, vectura aerea praebet vecturam celerem et fidam pro mercibus quae tempore necessario urgent.

Womic Steel curat ut omnes merces secure involuantur ne damnum in itinere patiantur. Ferrum plerumque materiis tutelaribus involvitur et in vasis vel palletis firmatur ut stabilitas in itinere praestetur. Praeterea, societas cum sociis vecturae probatis arcte collaborat ut traditionem tempestivum et administrationem logisticam efficientem curet.

Scenaria Applicationum:

Tubi lineares API 5L, a Womic Steel producti, late in industriis petrolei et gasi naturalis ad transportationem olei, gasi, aliorumque fluidorum adhibentur. Etiam in variis aliis industriis, ut in processu chemico, generatione energiae, et constructione, adhibentur.

Conclusio:

Womic Steel fabricator fidus tuborum API 5L est, offerens producta summae qualitatis quae requisitis severis industriarum petrolei et gasi naturalis satisfaciunt. Cum cura in qualitate, fidelitate, et satisfactione clientium habeat, Womic Steel optio praeferenda clientibus toto orbe terrarum manet.

Tempus publicationis: XXII Martii, MMXXIV

Tubus Linearis API 5L: Dux Completus ad Compositionem Chemicam et Efficientiam